Dr. Kalachand Sain, FNASc, FAPAS, FTAS

P. C. Kumar, K. Sain & Animesh Mandal, 2018. Delineation of a buried volcanic system in Kora prospect off New Zealand using artificial neural networks and its implications, Jour. of App. Geophys., accepted.

Laxmi Pandey, K. Sain & Anju K. Joshi, 2018. Estimation of gas hydrates in Krishna-Godavari basin, eastern continental margin of India, NGHP-02 Expedition, Jour. of Mar. & Petrol. Geol., accepted.

Anju K. Joshi, K. Sain & Laxmi Pandey, 2018. Gas hydrate saturation and reservoir characterization at sites NGHP-02-17-C and NGHP-02-19-C, Krishna-Godavari basin, eastern margin of India, Jour. of Mar. & Petrol. Geol., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.06.023, in press.

Jitender Kumar, K. Sain & KP Arun, 2018, Seismic attributes for characterizing gas hydrates: A study from the Mahanadi offshore, India. Mar. Geophys. Res., https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-018-9357-4, in press.

P. C. Kumar & K. Sain, 2018. Attribute amalgamation-aiding interpretation of faults from seismic data: An example from Waitara 3D prospect, offshore Taranaki basin, New Zealand, Jour. of App. Geophys., 159, 52-68.

P.S.R. Prasad, B. Sai Kiran & K. Sain, 2018, Effectiveness of the amino acids for carbon storage and utilization applications, Current Science, 114, 1163-1165.

Arun, KP, K. Sain, & Jitender Kumar, 2017, Estimation of elastic parameters from constrained AVO inversion and saturation of gas hydrates in the Mahanadi offshore basin, India.

D. Sarkar & K. Sain, 2017. Deep seismic sounding experiments in the Koyna RTS region - an overview of the results, , 90, 663-669.

V. Jyothi, K. Sain, V. Pandey, & A.K. Bhaumik, 2017. Seismic attenuation for characterization of gas hydrate reservoir in KG basin, eastern Indian margin, , 90, 261-266.

A. K. Bhaumik, Shiv Kumar, S. Ray, G. K. Vishwakarma, A.K. Gupta, P. Kumar & K. Sain, 2017. Stable carbon and oxygen isotope study on benthic foraminifera: implication for microhabitat preferences and interspecies correlation, , 126:72, 1-15.

N. Satyavani, K. Sain, & N. Damodara, 2017. Seismic vis-a-vis sonic attenuation in gas hydrate bearing sediments of Krishna-Godavari basin, eastern margin of India, .

K. Sain, 2017. A possible future energy resource, Editorial, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 89, 359-362

N. Damodara, V. Vijaya Rao, K. Sain, ASSSRS Prasad & ASN Murthy, 2017. Implications of East Gondwana breakup on the architecture of West Bengal sedimentary basin, India as revealed by seismic refraction tomography, , 208, 1490-1507.

S. Jana, M. Ojha, K. Sain, & Shalivahan, 2017. An approach to estimate gas hydrate saturation from 3-D heterogeneous resistivity model: a study from Krishna-Godavari Basin, eastern Indian offshore, , 79, 99-107.

D. Singh, Priyadarshi Chinmoy Kumar, K. Sain, 2016. Interpretation of gas chimney from seismic data using artificial neural network: A study from the Maari 3D prospect of Taranaki basin, New Zealand, Jour. of Natural Gas Science & Engineering, 36, 339-357.

M. Ojha, M.K. Sen & K. Sain, 2016. Imaging of hydrate bearing sediments by full waveform inversion of multichannel seismic data from Krishna-Godavari basin, India, Jour. of Seis. Expl., 25, 359-373.gas

J. Qian, X.J. Wang, D.D. Dong, S.G. Wu, K. Sain & Y.M. Ye, 2016. Quantitative assessment of free gas beneath gas hydrate stability zone from prestack seismic data and rock physics: a case of hole NGHP01-10A, Krishna-Godavari basin, India, Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 59(7), 2553-2563.

R. Chatterjee, D.K. Singha, M. Ojha, M.K. Sen & K. Sain, 2016. Porosity estimation from pre-stack seismic data in gas hydrate-bearing sediments, Krishna-Godavari basin, India, Jour. of Natural Gas Science & Engineering, 33, 562-572.

N. Satyavani, K. Sain, & H.K. Gupta, 2016. Gas hydrate saturation in Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin from ocean bottom seismic data, Jour. of Natural Gas Science & Engineering, 33, 908-917.

S.K. Sinha, P. Dewangan & K. Sain 2016. Acoustic reflections in the water column of Krishna Godavari offshore basin, Bay of Bengal, Jour. of Acoustical Society of America, 139(5), 2424-2431.

A.S.N. Murty, K. Sain, V. Sridhar, ASSSRS Prasad & S. Raju, 2016. Delineation of Trap and subtrappean Mesozoic sediments in Saurashtra peninsula, Current Science, 110, 1844-1851.

R. Kumar, B. Das, R. Chatterjee & K. Sain, 2016. A methodology of porosity estimation from inversion of post-stack seismic data, Jour. of Natural Gas Science & Engineering, 28, 356-364.

S. Sinha, P. Dewangan & K. Sain, 2016. Estimation of sea surface temperature (SST) using marine seismic data, Pure & App. Geophys, 173, 1305-1316.

K. Chandrakala, O.P. Pandey, ASSSRS Prasad & K. Sain, 2015. Seismic imaging across the Eastern Ghats Belt-Cuddapah basin collisional zone, southern Indian shield and possible geodynamic implications, Precambrian Research, 271, 56-64.

S. Jana, M. Ojha & K. Sain, 2015. Gas hydrate saturation from heterogeneous model constructed from well log in Krishna-Godavari basin, eastern Indian offshore, Geophys. Jour. Internat., 203, 246-256.

V. Vijaya Rao, N. Damodara, K. Sain, M.K. Sen, ASN Murthy & D. Sarkar, 2015. Upper crust of the Archean Dharwar craton in southern India using seismic refraction tomography and its geotectonic implications, Geophys. Jour. Internat., 200, 652-663.

N. Satyavani & K. Sain, 2015. Seismic insights of a bottom simulating reflector (BSR) in Krishna-Godavari basin, eastern Indian margin, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 33, 191-201.

N. Satyavani, G. Alekhya & K. Sain, 2015. Free gas / gas hydrate inference in Krishna-Godavari basin using seismic and well log data, Jour. of Natural Gas Science & Engineering, 25, 317-324.

Ch. Eswari, B. Raju, V. D. Chari, PSR Prasad & K. Sain, 2014. Laboratory Study of methane hydrate formation kinetics and structural stability in sediments, Jour. Mar. & Petrol. Geol., 58, 199-205.

T. S. Collett, R. Boswell, J.R. Cochran, P. Kumar, M. Lall, A. Mazumdar, M.V. Ramana, T. Ramprasad, M. Riedel, K. Sain, A.V. Sathe, K. Vishwanath & the NGHP Expedition 01 Scientific Party, 2014. Geologic implications of gas hydrates in the Indian offshore: Results of the National Gas Hydrate Program Expedition 01, Jour. Mar. & Petrol. Geol., 58, 3-28.

P. Kumar, T. S. Collett, R. Boswell, J.R. Cochran, M. Lall, A. Mazumdar, M.V. Ramana, T. Ramprasad, M. Riedel, K. Sain, A.V. Sathe, K. Vishwanath, U.S. Yadav & the NGHP Expedition 01 Scientific Party, 2014. Geologic implications of gas hydrates in the Indian offshore: Krishna-Godavari Basin, Mahanadi Basin, Andaman Sea, Kerala-Konkan Basin, Jour. Mar. & Petrol. Geol., 58, 29-98.

J. Wang, K. Sain, X. Wang, N. Satyavani & S. Guo, 2014. Characteristics of bottom-simulating reflectors for hydrate-filled fractured sediments in Krishna-Godavari basin, eastern Indian margin, Jour. of Petrol. Sci. & Engg., 122, 515-523.

D.K. Singha, R. Chatterjee, M.K. Sen & K. Sain, 2014. Pore pressure prediction in hydrate bearing sediments of Krishna-Godavari basin, India, Mar. Geol., 357, 1-11.gas

M. Ojha, & K. Sain, 2014. Velocity-porosity and velocity-density relationship for shallow sediments in Kerala-Konkan basin on the western continental margin of India, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 84, 187-191.

U. Shankar, K. Sain & M. Riedel, 2014. Assessment of gas-hydrates stability zone and geothermal modeling of BSR in the Andaman Sea, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 79, 358-365.

N. Satyavani, M.K. Sen, M. Ojha & K. Sain, 2013. Azimuthal anisotropy from OBS observations in Mahanadi offshore, India, Interpretation, 1(2), T187-T198.

M. Ojha, & K. Sain, 2013. Quantification of gas hydrates and free gas in the Andaman offshore from downhole data, Current Science, 105, 512-516.

X. Wang, K. Sain, N. Satyavani, J. Wang, M. Ojha & S. Wu, 2013, Gas hydrates saturation using the geostatistical inversion fractured reservoir in the Krishna-Godavari basin, offshore eastern India, Jour. of Mar. & Petrol Geol., 45, 224-235.in

U. Shankar, D.K. Gupta, D. Bhowmick & K. Sain, 2013. Gas hydrate and free-gas saturations using rock physics modeling at site NGHP-01-05 in the Krishna-Godavari basin, eastern Indian margin, Jour. of Petrol. Sci. & Engg., 106, 62-70.

P.P. Rao, S. Rajput, B. Ashalatha, U. Shankar, K. Sain, M.S. Naidu, V. Triveni & N.K. Thakur, 2012. Lithospheric structure model of central Indian ocean basin using ocean bottom seismometer data, Jour. of Earth Sci. and Eng., 2, 344-459.

K. Sain, 2012. Exploration and assessment of gas-hydrates, Exploration and Production: Oil and Gas Review, v.10, issue 2, p.1-3.

U. Shankar & K. Sain, 2012. Amplitude variation with offset (AVO) responses for gas hydrate/free gas models: a case study, Current Science, 103, 413-419.

K. Sain & H. K. Gupta, 2012. Gas hydrates in India: Potential and Development, Gondwana Research, 22, 645-657.

K. Sain, M. Ojha, N. Satyavani, G.A. Ramadass, T. Ramprasad, S.K. Das & H.K. Gupta, 2012. Gas-hydrates in Krishna-Godavari and Mahanadi basins: new data, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 79, 553-556.

A. R. Sridhar, ASSSRS Prasad, K. Sain & D. Sarkar, 2012.Lithosperic structure  across the western part of the Narmada-Son Lineament from Wide-angle Seismic data, Current Science, 102, 484-489.

U. Shankar, K. Sain & M. Riedel, 2012. Geothermal modeling for the base of gas hydrate stability zone and saturation of gas hydrate in the Krishna-Godavari Basin, eastern Indian margin, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 79, 299-309.

P.K. Singh & K. Sain, 2012. 2-D Velocity structure in Kerala-Konkan basin using travel time inversion of seismic data, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 79, 53-60.

R. Matsumoto, B.J. Ryu, S.R. Lee, S. Lin, S. Wu, K. Sain, I. Pecher, M. Riedel, 2011. Occurrence and exploration of gas hydrate in the marginal seas and continental margin of the Asia and Oceania region, Mar. & Petrol. Geol., 28, 1751-1767.

K. Sain, V. Rajesh, N. Satyavani, K.V. Subbarao & C. Subrahmanyam, 2011. Gas hydrates stability thickness map along the Indian continental margin, Mar. & Petrol. Geol., 28, 1779-1786.

K. Sain & A.K. Singh, 2011. Seismic quality factors across a bottom simulating reflector in the Makran accretionary prism, Mar. & Petrol. Geol., 28, 1838-1843.

R. Ghosh, K. Sain & M. Ojha, 2010. Estimating the amount of gas hydrate using effective medium theory: a case study in the Blake Ridge, Sp. issue, Mar. Geophys. Res., 31, 29-37.

K. Sain, R. Ghosh & M. Ojha, 2010. Rock physics modeling for assessing gas hydrate and free gas: a case study in the Cascadia accretionary prism, Mar. Geophys. Res., 31,109-119.

R. Ghosh, K. Sain & M. Ojha, 2010. Effective medium modeling of gas hydrate-filled fractures using sonic log in the Krishna-Godavari basin, eastern Indian offshore, Jour. of Geophys. Res., 115, B06101, 1-15.

M. Ojha, K. Sain & T.A. Minshull, 2010. Assessment of gas hydrates saturation in the Makran accretionary prism using the offset dependence of seismic amplitudes, Geophysics, 75, 2, C1-C6.

M. Ojha & K. Sain, 2009. Seismic attributes for identifying gas hydrates and free-gas zones: application to the Makran accretionary prism, Episodes, 32, 264-270.

A.R. Sridhar, ASSSRS. Prasad, N. Satyavani and K. Sain, 2009. Sub-Trappean Mesozoic sediments in the Narmada basin based on traveltime and amplitude modeling - a revisit to old seismic data, Current Sciences, 97, 1462-1466.

K. Sain, A.K. Singh, N.K. Thakur & R. K. Khanna, 2009. Seismic quality factor observations for gas-hydrate-bearing sediments on western Indian margin, Mar. Geophys. Res., 30, 137-145.

U. Shankar, S. S. Singh & K. Sain, 2009. Signal enhancement and multiple suppression using radon transform – An application to marine multichannel seismic data, Mar. Geophys. Res., 30, 85-93. 

U. Shankar & K. Sain, 2009. Heat flow variation from bottom simulating reflector in the Kerala-Konkan basin of the western continental margin of India, Indian Jour. of Mar. Sci., 38, 110-115.

K. Sain & M. Ojha, 2008. Estimation of gas hydrates and free-gas concentrations using modeling and crossplot of seismic amplitudes from the bottom simulating reflector, Advances in Geosciences, Ocean Science, 18, 181-196.

N. Satyavani, K. Sain, Malcolm Lall, & B.J.P. Kumar, 2008. Seismic attribute study for gas hydrates in the Andaman offshore, India, Mar. Geophys. Res., 29, 167-175.

R. Ghosh & K. Sain, 2008. Effective medium modeling to assess gas hydrate and free gas evident from the velocity structure in the Makran accretionary prism, Mar. Geophys. Res., 29, 267–274.

A.S.N. Murthy, K. Sain, & B.R. Prasad, 2008. Velocity structure of West-Bengal sedimentary basin, India along Palashi-Kandi profile using travel time inversion of wide-angle seismic data and gravity modeling-An Update, Pure & Applied Geophysics, 165, 1733-1750.

K. Sain & H. K. Gupta, 2008. Gas hydrates: Indian scenario, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 72, 299-311.

U. Shankar, M. Ojha, K. Sain, R.K. Khanna, M. Sudhakar & A. Tyagi, 2008. Seafloor geophysical study in search of gas hydrates/gas related evidences in the deep waters of the western continental margin of India, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 72, 547-555.

M. Ojha & K. Sain, 2008. Appraisal of gas hydrates/free-gas from VP/VS ratio in the Makran accretionary prism, Mar. &   Petrol. Geol., 25, 637-644.

P.S.R. Prasad, K. Shiva Prasad, Y. Sowjanya & K. Sain, 2008. Laser micro Raman investigations on gas hydrates, Current Science, 94, 1495-1499.

A.S.N. Murthy, K. Sain, H.C. Tewari & B.R. Prasad, 2008. Crustal velocity in-homogeneities along the Hirapur-Mandla profile, central India and its tectonic implications, Jour. of Asian Earth Sciences, 31, 533-545.

R.K. Chadha, D. Srinagesh, A. Manglik & K. Sain, 2007. A Note on “Planet Earth – Focal theme for the 94th session of the Indian Science Congress, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 69, 873-874.

K. Sain, 2007. Gas hydrates - A potential source of energy, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 70, 173-174.

U. Shankar & K. Sain, 2007. Specific character of the bottom simulating reflectors near mud diapirs: Western margin of India, Current Science, 93, 997-1002.

V.V. Rao, K. Sain & B.R. Prasad, 2007. Dipping moho in the southern part of the eastern Dharwar craton, India, as revealed by the coincident seismic reflection and refraction Study, Current Science, 93, 330-336.

V.V. Rao, K. Sain & V. G. Krishna, 2007. Modeling and inversion of single-ended refraction data from the shot gathers of multifold deep seismic reflection profiling – an approach for deriving the shallow velocity structure, Geophys. Jour. Int., 169, 507-514.

M. Ojha & K. Sain, 2007. Seismic velocities and quantification of gas hydrates from AVA modeling in the western continental margin of India, Mar. Geophys. Res., 28,101-107.

L. Behera & K. Sain, 2006, Crustal velocity structure of Indian shield from the deep seismic sounding and receiver function studies, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 68, 989-992.

V.V. Rao, K. Sain, P.R. Reddy & W.D. Mooney, 2006. Crustal structure and tectonics of the northern part of the southern granulite terrain, India, Earth & Planet. Sci. Letts, 251, 90-103.

R. Ghosh, M. Ojha, K. Sain & N.K. Thakur, 2006. Physical parameters of hydrated sediments estimated from marine seismic reflection data: a case study, Current Science, 90, 1421-1430.

S.K. Bhukta, K. Sain & H.C. Tewari, 2006. Crustal structure along the Lawrencepur-Astor profile across the Nanga Parbat, Pure & App. Geophys., 163, 1257-1277, 2006.

L. Behera, K. Sain & P.R. Reddy, 2004. Evidence of underplating from seismic and gravity studies in the Mahanadi delta and its tectonic significance, Jour. of Geophys. Res., 109, B12311, 1-25.

R.K. Dash, K. Sain & N.K. Thakur, 2004. Overpressure detection from seismic AVO response: an application to gas hydrates, Current Science, 86, 985-990.

N. Satyavani, N.K. Thakur, U. Shankar, S.I. Reddi, A.R. Sridhar, P.P. Rao, K. Sain & R. Khanna, 2003. Indicators of gas hydrates: role of velocity and amplitude, Current Science, 85, 1360-1363.

P. Vohat, K. Sain & N.K. Thakur, 2003. Heat flow and geothermal gradient from BSR: a case study, Current Science, 85, 1263-1266.

P. Kumar, K. Sain & H.C. Tewari, 2003. A direct method of estimating the depth to a reflector from wide-angle reflection times, Geophys. Jour. Int., 152, 740-748.

C.A. Zelt, K. Sain, J.V. Naumenko & D.S. Sawyer, 2003. Assessment of crustal velocity models using seismic refraction and reflection tomography, Geophys. Jour. Int., 153, 609-626.

P.R. Reddy, B.R. Prasad, V.V. Rao, K. Sain, P.P. Rao, P. Khare & M.S. Reddy, 2003. Deep seismic reflection and refraction/wide-angle reflection studies along Kuppam-Palani transect in the southern granulite terrain of India, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 50, 79-106.

K. Sain, C.A. Zelt & P.R. Reddy, 2002. Imaging subvolcanic Mesozoics using travel time inversion of wide-angle seismic data in the Saurashtra peninsula of India, Geophys. Jour. Int., 150, 820-826.

L. Behera, K. Sain, P.R. Reddy, I.B.P. Rao & V.Y.N. Sharma, 2002. Delineation of shallow structure and Gondwana graben in Mahanadi delta, India using forward modeling of first arrival seismic data, Jour. of Geodynamics, 34, 129-141.

K. Sain, P.R. Reddy & L. Behera, 2002. Imaging of low-velocity Gondwana sediments in the Mahanadi delta of India using travel time inversion of first arrival seismic data, Jour. of App. Geophys., 49, 163-171.

D. Sarkar, K. Chandrakala, P.P. Devi, A.R. Sridhar, K. Sain & P.R. Reddy, 2001. Crustal velocity structure of western Dharwar craton, south India, Jour. of Geodynamics, 31, 227-241.

K. Sain, Nigel Bruguier, A.S.N. Murthy & P.R. Reddy, 2000. Shallow velocity structure along the Hirapur-Mandla profile in central India, using travel time inversion of wide-angle seismic data, and its tectonic implications, Geophys. Jour. In., 142, 505-515.

K. Sain, T.A. Minshull, S.C. Singh, & R.W. Hobbs, 2000. Evidence for a thick free-gas layer beneath the bottom-simulating reflector in the Makran accretionary prism, Marine Geology, 164, 3-12.

P. Kumar, H.C. Tewari & K. Sain, 1999. Velocity-depth relationship in selected parts of Indian crust, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 54, 129-136.

C. Subrahmanium, S.I. Reddy, N.K. Thakur, T.G. Rao & K. Sain, 1998. Gas hydrates - a synoptic view, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 52, 497-512.

K.L. Kaila & K. Sain, 1997. Variation of crustal velocity structure in India as determined from DSS studies and their implications on regional tectonics, Jour. of Geol. Soc. of India, 49, 395-407.

P.R. Reddy, K. Sain & A.S.N Murthy, 1997. On the seismic vulnerability of Jabalpur region – evidence from deep seismic imaging, Current Science, 73, 796-800.

K. Sain & P.R. Reddy, 1997. Use of post-critical reflections in solving the hidden layer problem in seismic refraction work, Geophysics, 62, 285-1291.

K. Sain & K.L. Kaila, 1996. Interpretation of first arrival travel times in seismic refraction work, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 147, 181-194. 

K. Sain & K.L. Kaila, 1996. A direct method of calculating interval velocities and layer thicknesses from wide-angle seismic reflection times, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 146, 343-363.

Sain & K.L. Kaila, 1996. Ambiguity in the solution of the velocity inversion problem and a solution by joint inversion of seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection times, Geophys. Jour. Int., 124, 215-227.

K. Sain & K.L. Kaila, 1996. Direct calculation of interval velocities and layer thicknesses from wide-angle seismic reflection times, Geophys. Jour. Int., 125, 30-38.

K. Sain & P.R. Reddy, 1995. Direct calculation of thicknesses of high velocity and underlying low-velocity layers using post-critical reflection times in seismic refraction experiments, Jour. of App. Geophys., 134, 125-136.

K. Sain & K.L. Kaila, 1994. Inversion of wide-angle seismic reflection times with damped least squares, Geophysics, 59, 1735-1744.

K.L. Kaila & K. Sain, 1994. Errors in rms velocity and zero offset two-way time as determined from wide-angle seismic reflection times using truncated series, Jour. of Seis. Expl., 3, 173-188.